Hippocampal long axis differentiation

  • The hippocampus shows a long axis anterior-posterior differentiation of function
  • Poppenk et al. (2013) suggested that the type of processing in the hippocampus varied from fine to coarse grained in a posterior to anterior direction, based on evidence that receptive fields vary from narrow at the posterior end of the hippocampus to broad at the anterior end (Kjelstrup et al., 2008; Maurer, Vanrhoads, Sutherland, Lipa, & McNaughton, 2005).
  • Anterior = pattern completion, posterior = pattern separation

Grady et al., 2020

Grady et al., 2020

  • The anterior and posterior portions may undergo different developmental trajectories across the lifespan, and may give rise to some of the cognitive changes that commonly accompany the aging process (i.e., episodic memory)

Langnes et al., 2020

Sleep and the hippocampus

  • Hippocampus involved in sleep architecture (theta in REM, sharp wave ripples in NREM, coupling with slow wave)
  • Chronic sleep disruption and circadian rhythmicity affect hippocampal neurogenesis in animals (Raven et al., 2018; Kreutzmann et al., 2015)
  • In older adults, more robust rest-activity rhythms were associated with greater anterior hippocampal volume (Sherman et al., 2015)
  • Sleep disturbance in older adults predicts increasingly worse scores on standardized neuropsychological tests, including memory subcomponents that depend upon the hippocampus (HVLT)

Research Question

Are sleep-wake patterns associated with volumetric differences along the hippocampal long axis that underlie episodic memory?

Methods

  • Healthy younger (n = 43, age = 21.5, ±3.86) and older (n = 43, age = 68.2, ±5.63) adults
  • Actigraphy
  • fMRI scanning
  • Episodic memory measures: associative memory task, CVLT (older adults only)
  • Working memory/novelty measure: repeat task

Actigraphy

  • Selected mean sleep duration, acrophase, amplitude, and interdaily stability as measures of interest

Memory assessment

  • Planned to use CVLT, but did not have data available from younger adults :(

Associative memory task

  • Had associative memory task data, but really only have a good measure of intial encoding and short-term recall (no long-term recall measure)
  • This is problematic because really wanted long-term recall measure (Langnes et al. 2020)

Repeat task

  • 1-back working memory task
  • Novelty vs. familiarity

Participants

Young Adults Older Adults
n 43 55
Group = Older Adults (%) 0 ( 0.0) 55 (100.0)
age (mean (SD)) 21.51 (3.86) 68.20 (5.63)
sex = Male (%) 17 (39.5) 12 ( 21.8)
years_educ (mean (SD)) 14.62 (2.38) 16.88 (2.94)
global_psqi (mean (SD)) 4.21 (1.79) 4.40 (2.15)
cesd_score (mean (SD)) 7.00 (4.08) 2.00 (NA)
gds_total (mean (SD)) 0.00 (0.00) 1.20 (2.30)
sleep_time_mean_sleep (mean (SD)) 398.57 (97.86) 404.55 (85.83)
efficiency_mean_sleep (mean (SD)) 81.43 (6.92) 80.62 (9.04)
total_ac_mean_active (mean (SD)) 326940.99 (189192.81) 251197.38 (89924.99)
actamp (mean (SD)) 1.61 (0.29) 1.58 (0.34)
IS (mean (SD)) 0.42 (0.11) 0.54 (0.12)
actphi (mean (SD)) 16.38 (1.45) 14.73 (1.65)

Parcellation

  • Used brainlife.io to obtain hippocampal volume measures
  • Uploaded BIDS dataset

  • Checked orientation of all T1 images
  • Ran ACPC alignment

Originial T1:

ACPC aligned:

  • Used ‘HBT’ divisions (Iglesias et al., 2015)
  • This parcellation was based on both ex vivo and in vivo data

Manual labelling

Eight coronal slices from Case 14 and corresponding manual annotations

In vivo dataset and comparison with ex vivo images

{width=700px}

Results

Aging and hippocampal volume

ICV normalized

We wanted to look at hippocampal volume independently of total intracranial volume, so we calculated HC volume as follows: adjusted HC volume = raw HC volume – b X (ICV – average ICV), where b is the slope of regression of the raw HC volume on ICV (Brehmer et al., 2020).

Memory Performance

Young Adults Older Adults
n 41 45
Group = Older Adults (%) 0 (0.0) 45 (100.0)
cvlt_sdelay_recall_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) 0.78 (0.97)
cvlt_ldelay_recall_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) 0.62 (0.97)
cvlt_recognition_hits_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) -0.02 (0.91)
cvlt_recognition_fp_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) -0.26 (0.82)
cvlt_zscore (mean (SD)) NaN (NA) 0.36 (0.72)
acc_mean.learning (mean (SD)) 0.89 (0.15) 0.83 (0.15)
rt_c_mean.learning (mean (SD)) 1721.46 (404.47) 2505.97 (1414.27)
acc_mean.test (mean (SD)) 0.90 (0.11) 0.85 (0.10)
rt_c_mean.test (mean (SD)) 2459.76 (211.57) 2760.01 (209.07)
memrepeat_accuracy (mean (SD)) 0.93 (0.14) 0.98 (0.04)
memrepeat_rt (mean (SD)) 551.91 (81.60) 593.24 (86.98) 
dmem %>%
  select(record_id, acc_mean.learning, acc_mean.test) %>%
  filter((acc_mean.learning < 0.33)|(acc_mean.test < 0.50))
##   record_id acc_mean.learning acc_mean.test
## 1     40550              0.25     0.6666667
dmem <- dmem %>%
  filter(acc_mean.learning > 0.33)

Hippocampal volume and CVLT performance within older adults

  • Only had CVLT data for older adults
  • Did not see relationship between hippocampal volume and CVLT memory

Sleep and CVLT performance

Hippocampal volume and associative memory task performance

  • Using the associative memory task allowed us to include the young adult comparison group.
  • There was a significant Group by hippocampal head volume effect on associative memory accuracy during the test phase, where older adults showed a positive association between hippocampal head volume and memory accuracy

Sleep and memory performance

  • In this study, young and older adult age groups showed differential relationships between acrophase and (1) accuracy during the test phase, and (2) response time on correct trials during both the learning and test phases

Hippocampal volume and sleep

  • Nada!

Discussion

  • Did not identify evidence of a long-axis encoding/retrieval differentiation using either of our episodic memory tasks
  • Among older adults, greater hippocampal head volume was associated with greater associative memory accuracy during test.
  • Acrophase was also associated with greater associative memory accuracy during test, consistent with (Ming Yi Lee et al., 2021) which recently found that older adults with delayed acrophase were less likely to have better cognition
  • But, acrophase was not associated with hippocampal head volume
  • No other selected sleep measures (mean sleep duration, rhythm amplitude, interdaily stability, acrophase) were associated with hippocampal volume at conventional statistical thresholds.
  • Did not see any relationship with CVLT performance in contrast to prior literature.

Limitations

  • Lack of CVLT-II data for young adult group prevented examination of different components of memory across adult development
  • Hoped to partially overcome this limitation by evaluating relationships between hippocampal volume and aspects of performance on an associative memory task. This task provided behavioral measures much narrower in scope compared to the CVLT-II, with instead only measures of initial encoding and short-term recall.
  • Participants across both age groups performed well on this task, making it difficult to tease out functional variability.
  • Healthy group not representative of ‘normal’ aging
  • Cross-sectional nature of the study may have prevented us from picking up on the key features of sleep that are important markers of cognitive health. Maybe the trajectories of these sleep patterns rather than their raw values are more revealing about the expected status of an individual’s cognitive performance and underlying brain health.

All analyses below

Hippocampal volume and associative memory

  • Excluded participants below chance accuracy

Sleep

Sleep and hippocampal volume

dmem %>%
  rename(`Head` = Hippocampal_head) %>%
  rename(`Tail` = Hippocampal_tail) %>%
  rename(`Sleep duration` = sleep_time_mean_sleep) %>%
  rename(`Acrophase` = actphi) %>%
  melt(id.vars = c('record_id', 'Group', 'IS', 'Sleep duration', 'Acrophase'), measure.vars = c('Head', 'Tail'), variable.name = 'Hippocampal region', value.name = 'Hippocampal subregion volume') %>%
  melt(id.vars = c('record_id', 'Group', 'Hippocampal region', 'Hippocampal subregion volume'), measure.vars = c('IS', 'Sleep duration', 'Acrophase'), variable.name = 'Rest-Activity measure', value.name = 'value') %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = `Hippocampal subregion volume`, y = value, group = Group, color = Group)) +
  geom_point() + 
  stat_smooth(method = 'lm', formula = 'y ~ x') +
  facet_grid(`Rest-Activity measure` ~ `Hippocampal region`, scales = 'free') + 
  scale_color_brewer(palette = 'Set1') + theme_minimal() + 
  theme(legend.position='none') +
  theme_minimal()
## Warning: Removed 28 rows containing non-finite values (stat_smooth).
## Warning: Removed 28 rows containing missing values (geom_point).

Sleep and cognition

Stats

dmem2 <- dmem %>%
  filter(acc_mean.test > 0.50) %>%
  filter(acc_mean.learning > 0.33)

## learning

summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.51771 -0.03953  0.03815  0.08048  0.16570 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         1.204e+00  2.637e-01   4.564 1.82e-05 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -8.901e-05  7.600e-05  -1.171    0.245    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -4.908e-01  3.582e-01  -1.370    0.175    
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  1.300e-04  1.073e-04   1.212    0.229    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1361 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05624,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0204 
## F-statistic: 1.569 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.2035
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.55055 -0.03453  0.03461  0.08074  0.15636 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.779e-01  1.873e-01   5.222 1.37e-06 ***
## Hippocampal_head  -2.374e-05  5.379e-05  -0.441   0.6602    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.850e-02  3.325e-02  -1.759   0.0824 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1365 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03869,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.01465 
## F-statistic:  1.61 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.2063
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1378.2  -417.8   -59.7   343.0  3831.1 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                        1370.1497  1339.9075   1.023    0.310
## Hippocampal_head                      0.1008     0.3861   0.261    0.795
## GroupOlder Adults                   102.2311  1819.9443   0.056    0.955
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults    0.1860     0.5449   0.341    0.734
## 
## Residual standard error: 691.6 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2021, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1718 
## F-statistic:  6.67 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.0004513
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1398.0  -406.7   -56.4   331.7  3859.8 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       1047.1219   943.3525   1.110    0.270    
## Hippocampal_head     0.1942     0.2709   0.717    0.476    
## GroupOlder Adults  720.8121   167.5250   4.303 4.74e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 687.8 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2009, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1809 
## F-statistic: 10.06 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0001269
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56035 -0.03687  0.04117  0.07748  0.15857 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         8.706e-01  2.224e-01   3.914 0.000191 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                    2.147e-05  1.885e-04   0.114 0.909629    
## GroupOlder Adults                   3.024e-03  3.033e-01   0.010 0.992069    
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults -4.907e-05  2.668e-04  -0.184 0.854571    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1375 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03677,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0001869 
## F-statistic: 1.005 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.3951
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56280 -0.03626  0.04478  0.07677  0.15658 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        8.994e-01  1.572e-01   5.721 1.77e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail  -3.025e-06  1.326e-04  -0.023    0.982    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.243e-02  3.223e-02  -1.627    0.108    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1367 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.03635,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.01226 
## F-statistic: 1.509 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.2274
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1479.9  -391.4   -58.7   314.3  3975.3 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                        1232.1159  1118.9011   1.101    0.274
## Hippocampal_tail                      0.4144     0.9483   0.437    0.663
## GroupOlder Adults                  1806.3835  1525.6230   1.184    0.240
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults   -1.0136     1.3422  -0.755    0.452
## 
## Residual standard error: 691.8 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2017, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1714 
## F-statistic: 6.655 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.0004589
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1445.8  -390.3   -60.3   334.6  3928.3 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       1826.20882  793.49634   2.301 0.023967 *  
## Hippocampal_tail    -0.09153    0.66930  -0.137 0.891569    
## GroupOlder Adults  660.88438  162.64791   4.063 0.000112 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 689.9 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.196,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.1759 
## F-statistic:  9.75 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0001624
## test

summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.22040 -0.06802  0.01530  0.07055  0.14895 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         1.142e+00  1.817e-01   6.287 1.66e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -6.827e-05  5.235e-05  -1.304   0.1960    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -5.438e-01  2.467e-01  -2.204   0.0304 *  
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  1.480e-04  7.388e-05   2.004   0.0485 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09377 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1194, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08593 
## F-statistic:  3.57 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.01769
summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24094 -0.06109  0.01057  0.06830  0.14741 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        8.850e-01  1.310e-01   6.755 2.09e-09 ***
## Hippocampal_head   6.055e-06  3.763e-05   0.161   0.8726    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.157e-02  2.327e-02  -2.217   0.0295 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09552 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07462,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05149 
## F-statistic: 3.226 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.04495
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -402.90 -136.55    3.89  114.62  477.08 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         2.250e+03  3.799e+02   5.923 7.81e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head                    5.575e-02  1.095e-01   0.509    0.612    
## GroupOlder Adults                   3.274e+02  5.160e+02   0.634    0.528    
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults -1.227e-03  1.545e-01  -0.008    0.994    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 196.1 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3961, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3731 
## F-statistic: 17.27 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 1.024e-08
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -402.89 -136.72    3.61  114.47  476.89 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       2.252e+03  2.673e+02   8.427 1.17e-12 ***
## Hippocampal_head  5.514e-02  7.676e-02   0.718    0.475    
## GroupOlder Adults 3.233e+02  4.746e+01   6.811 1.63e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 194.9 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3961, Adjusted R-squared:  0.381 
## F-statistic: 26.23 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 1.735e-09
summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23819 -0.05768  0.02014  0.06783  0.17699 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         8.767e-01  1.540e-01   5.693 2.04e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                    2.483e-05  1.305e-04   0.190    0.850    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -1.978e-01  2.100e-01  -0.942    0.349    
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults  1.351e-04  1.847e-04   0.732    0.467    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09522 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.09195,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05747 
## F-statistic: 2.666 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.05341
summary(lm(acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23534 -0.05645  0.01517  0.07194  0.16442 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        7.975e-01  1.092e-01   7.304 1.84e-10 ***
## Hippocampal_tail   9.229e-05  9.210e-05   1.002   0.3194    
## GroupOlder Adults -4.505e-02  2.238e-02  -2.013   0.0475 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09494 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0858, Adjusted R-squared:  0.06294 
## F-statistic: 3.754 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.02765
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -408.58 -120.98  -10.65  110.82  505.22 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                        1897.2309   311.7335   6.086 3.92e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                      0.4647     0.2642   1.759   0.0824 .  
## GroupOlder Adults                   986.6469   425.0491   2.321   0.0229 *  
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults   -0.5866     0.3740  -1.569   0.1207    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 192.7 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4166, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3944 
## F-statistic:  18.8 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 2.678e-09
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -404.51 -134.82  -18.84  114.78  478.03 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       2241.0511   223.6842  10.019 8.88e-16 ***
## Hippocampal_tail     0.1719     0.1887   0.911    0.365    
## GroupOlder Adults  323.7107    45.8500   7.060 5.43e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 194.5 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.3984, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3834 
## F-statistic: 26.49 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 1.484e-09
## trial type

summary(lm(accuracy.mismatch ~  Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.mismatch ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.38966 -0.09977  0.03565  0.10655  0.17877 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         1.259e+00  2.590e-01   4.862  5.8e-06 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -1.073e-04  7.463e-05  -1.437   0.1545    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -8.019e-01  3.518e-01  -2.280   0.0253 *  
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  2.266e-04  1.053e-04   2.151   0.0345 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1337 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08744,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05278 
## F-statistic: 2.523 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.06367
summary(lm(accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25674 -0.08747  0.02182  0.07645  0.13600 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.112e-01  1.383e-01   6.588 4.34e-09 ***
## Hippocampal_head   3.675e-06  3.972e-05   0.093   0.9265    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.631e-02  2.456e-02  -2.292   0.0245 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1008 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07724,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05417 
## F-statistic: 3.348 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.04014
summary(lm(accuracy.mismatch ~  Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.mismatch ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.42321 -0.08353  0.04098  0.10783  0.20006 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.6483066  0.1548563   4.187 7.23e-05 ***
## Hippocampal_tail   0.0002042  0.0001306   1.563    0.122    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.0322333  0.0317419  -1.015    0.313    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1346 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06245,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03901 
## F-statistic: 2.664 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.07581
summary(lm(accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = accuracy.match ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25674 -0.08747  0.02182  0.07645  0.13600 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        9.112e-01  1.383e-01   6.588 4.34e-09 ***
## Hippocampal_head   3.675e-06  3.972e-05   0.093   0.9265    
## GroupOlder Adults -5.631e-02  2.456e-02  -2.292   0.0245 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1008 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07724,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05417 
## F-statistic: 3.348 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.04014
## recognition

summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.38005 -0.00320  0.01881  0.03733  0.05874 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                         9.494e-01  1.490e-01   6.374 1.15e-08 ***
## Hippocampal_head                   -2.090e-06  4.293e-05  -0.049    0.961    
## GroupOlder Adults                  -2.625e-03  2.023e-01  -0.013    0.990    
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  1.224e-05  6.058e-05   0.202    0.840    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07689 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05786,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02208 
## F-statistic: 1.617 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.192
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37898 -0.00273  0.02003  0.03665  0.06069 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       9.282e-01  1.048e-01   8.854  1.7e-13 ***
## Hippocampal_head  4.054e-06  3.011e-05   0.135   0.8932    
## GroupOlder Adults 3.806e-02  1.862e-02   2.045   0.0442 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07643 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05737,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03381 
## F-statistic: 2.435 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.09411
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37936 -0.00280  0.01985  0.03620  0.05974 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)                        9.331e-01  1.244e-01   7.501 8.12e-11 ***
## Hippocampal_tail                   7.780e-06  1.054e-04   0.074    0.941    
## GroupOlder Adults                  3.159e-02  1.696e-01   0.186    0.853    
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults 5.593e-06  1.492e-04   0.037    0.970    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07691 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05741,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02162 
## F-statistic: 1.604 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1951
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37924 -0.00274  0.02005  0.03592  0.06043 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       9.298e-01  8.790e-02  10.578   <2e-16 ***
## Hippocampal_tail  1.057e-05  7.414e-05   0.143   0.8870    
## GroupOlder Adults 3.791e-02  1.802e-02   2.104   0.0385 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07643 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0574, Adjusted R-squared:  0.03383 
## F-statistic: 2.436 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.094
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -175.18  -46.21  -11.24   37.52  201.42 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                        399.99328  154.39670   2.591   0.0114 *
## Hippocampal_head                     0.04250    0.04449   0.955   0.3424  
## GroupOlder Adults                  195.61472  209.71104   0.933   0.3538  
## Hippocampal_head:GroupOlder Adults  -0.04501    0.06279  -0.717   0.4756  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.7 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07384,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03867 
## F-statistic:   2.1 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1069
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_head + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -173.31  -48.30   -6.98   37.30  210.10 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       478.1580   108.9745   4.388 3.46e-05 ***
## Hippocampal_head    0.0199     0.0313   0.636    0.527    
## GroupOlder Adults  45.9334    19.3522   2.374    0.020 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.46 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06782,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04451 
## F-statistic:  2.91 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.06026
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -163.35  -47.69  -10.42   36.32  194.55 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                        363.5576   127.7548   2.846  0.00564 **
## Hippocampal_tail                     0.1562     0.1083   1.443  0.15310   
## GroupOlder Adults                  285.8531   174.1938   1.641  0.10477   
## Hippocampal_tail:GroupOlder Adults  -0.2131     0.1533  -1.391  0.16826   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 78.99 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.09025,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0557 
## F-statistic: 2.612 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.05708
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ Hippocampal_tail + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -169.005  -46.066   -3.894   40.441  212.407 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       488.46475   91.37337   5.346  8.3e-07 ***
## Hippocampal_tail    0.04982    0.07707   0.646   0.5199    
## GroupOlder Adults  45.01366   18.72937   2.403   0.0186 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.45 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06798,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04468 
## F-statistic: 2.917 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.05985
summary(lm(Hippocampal_head ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -708.67 -141.08    1.73  186.29  567.61 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           3476.5999   168.0320  20.690  < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep   -0.0470     0.4194  -0.112    0.911    
## GroupOlder Adults     -266.2150    62.7725  -4.241 5.93e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 283.8 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1867, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1663 
## F-statistic:  9.18 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0002576
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -350.39  -54.92   11.92   74.19  270.85 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           1115.3598    67.8951  16.428  < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep    0.1527     0.1695   0.901 0.370369    
## GroupOlder Adults      -90.8528    25.3639  -3.582 0.000584 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 114.7 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1404, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1189 
## F-statistic: 6.533 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.002354
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -324.93  -50.72    1.45   68.14  286.91 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)              1222.202    205.817   5.938 7.82e-08 ***
## actphi                     -3.339     12.562  -0.266    0.791    
## GroupOlder Adults        -438.388    276.054  -1.588    0.116    
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults   24.177     17.810   1.358    0.179    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 113.6 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1464, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1131 
## F-statistic: 4.401 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.006533
summary(lm(Hippocampal_head ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -707.45 -148.07   -9.26  182.33  565.08 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       3559.696    369.840   9.625 6.66e-15 ***
## actphi              -6.479     22.484  -0.288 0.773999    
## GroupOlder Adults -274.290     75.737  -3.622 0.000519 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 286.8 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1788, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1578 
## F-statistic: 8.494 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.0004599
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -333.97  -54.09   -0.06   64.77  278.63 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       1025.922    147.266   6.966 9.12e-10 ***
## actphi               8.689      8.953   0.971    0.335    
## GroupOlder Adults  -65.856     30.158  -2.184    0.032 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 114.2 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1259, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1035 
## F-statistic: 5.619 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.005249
summary(lm(Hippocampal_head ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_head ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -754.91 -147.28   -9.23  211.20  523.32 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        3345.12     128.98  25.936  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                  293.03     284.00   1.032    0.306    
## GroupOlder Adults  -319.22      73.53  -4.341 4.62e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 284.3 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2177, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1956 
## F-statistic: 9.876 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.0001643
summary(lm(Hippocampal_tail ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Hippocampal_tail ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -283.59  -67.20   12.77   91.92  239.39 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        1076.31      53.21  20.229  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                  220.35     117.16   1.881 0.064102 .  
## GroupOlder Adults  -106.53      30.33  -3.512 0.000778 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 117.3 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1496, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1256 
## F-statistic: 6.243 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.00318
## cvlt
summary(lm(cvlt_1 ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.5101 -0.8920  0.1360  0.9865  2.3519 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)            9.063280   3.062374   2.960  0.00522 **
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.004280   0.002539   1.686  0.09977 . 
## age                   -0.065127   0.042185  -1.544  0.13070   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.424 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1202, Adjusted R-squared:  0.07508 
## F-statistic: 2.664 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.08232
summary(lm(cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, 
##     data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -6.5885 -2.0738  0.6206  2.0535  4.9187 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)           15.317344   6.596402   2.322   0.0255 *
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.010609   0.005468   1.940   0.0596 .
## age                   -0.122791   0.090867  -1.351   0.1844  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.068 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1274, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08263 
## F-statistic: 2.846 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.07016
summary(lm(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, 
##     data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -8.579 -1.790  0.284  1.715  4.791 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)           16.931479   6.304269   2.686   0.0106 *
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.006731   0.005226   1.288   0.2053  
## age                   -0.119978   0.086843  -1.382   0.1750  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 2.932 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08531,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0384 
## F-statistic: 1.819 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.1757
summary(lm(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + 
##     age, data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.8819 -0.6732  0.0730  0.9228  1.6795 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           18.1576551  2.7641206   6.569 8.41e-08 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.0006813  0.0022914   0.297    0.768    
## age                   -0.0531396  0.0380763  -1.396    0.171    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.285 on 39 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:   0.05,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.001287 
## F-statistic: 1.026 on 2 and 39 DF,  p-value: 0.3678
summary(lm(cvlt_1 ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.1148 -1.3450 -0.1401  1.4253  2.8144 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)    6.853      1.084   6.324 2.57e-07 ***
## IS            -1.012      1.986  -0.509    0.614    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.524 on 36 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.007159,   Adjusted R-squared:  -0.02042 
## F-statistic: 0.2596 on 1 and 36 DF,  p-value: 0.6135
summary(lm(cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 
##     "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.8063 -1.8535  0.3182  2.5196  4.9748 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   14.144      2.290   6.177 4.04e-07 ***
## IS            -5.472      4.196  -1.304    0.201    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.22 on 36 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0451, Adjusted R-squared:  0.01858 
## F-statistic:   1.7 on 1 and 36 DF,  p-value: 0.2005
summary(lm(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 
##     "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -8.0968 -2.1971 -0.2483  2.0796  4.7517 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   13.407      2.136   6.278 2.96e-07 ***
## IS            -3.787      3.913  -0.968     0.34    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.003 on 36 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.02535,    Adjusted R-squared:  -0.001724 
## F-statistic: 0.9363 on 1 and 36 DF,  p-value: 0.3397
summary(lm(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))) #
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ IS, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.1446 -0.8708  0.2992  1.0520  1.7627 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   16.431      0.908  18.095   <2e-16 ***
## IS            -3.090      1.664  -1.857   0.0715 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.277 on 36 degrees of freedom
##   (5 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08741,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.06206 
## F-statistic: 3.448 on 1 and 36 DF,  p-value: 0.07151
summary(lm(cvlt_1 ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_1 ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.3694 -1.3327 -0.3517  1.5923  2.6362 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)  6.79257    2.44001   2.784  0.00816 **
## actphi      -0.02834    0.16722  -0.169  0.86629   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.499 on 40 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0007174,  Adjusted R-squared:  -0.02426 
## F-statistic: 0.02872 on 1 and 40 DF,  p-value: 0.8663
summary(lm(cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_sdelay_recall ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -6.111 -2.168  0.543  2.208  5.127 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)   7.8954     5.2518   1.503    0.141
## actphi        0.2334     0.3599   0.648    0.520
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.226 on 40 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0104, Adjusted R-squared:  -0.01434 
## F-statistic: 0.4205 on 1 and 40 DF,  p-value: 0.5204
summary(lm(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -8.3621 -2.0664  0.2734  2.1168  4.8589 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)   8.3825     4.9028   1.710   0.0951 .
## actphi        0.2163     0.3360   0.644   0.5235  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.011 on 40 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.01025,    Adjusted R-squared:  -0.01449 
## F-statistic: 0.4142 on 1 and 40 DF,  p-value: 0.5235
summary(lm(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults')))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = cvlt_recognition_hits ~ actphi, data = filter(dmem2, 
##     Group == "Older Adults"))
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -3.8000 -0.8509  0.1649  1.1002  1.3501 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 13.85822    2.11454   6.554 7.88e-08 ***
## actphi       0.06713    0.14491   0.463    0.646    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 1.299 on 40 degrees of freedom
##   (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.005336,   Adjusted R-squared:  -0.01953 
## F-statistic: 0.2146 on 1 and 40 DF,  p-value: 0.6457
t.test(acc_mean.test ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  acc_mean.test by sleepundersix
## t = 0.35648, df = 11.875, p-value = 0.7277
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.0745471  0.1036717
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                  0.8638889                  0.8493266
t.test(rt_c_mean.test ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  rt_c_mean.test by sleepundersix
## t = -3.2204, df = 21.92, p-value = 0.00395
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -296.83863  -64.25511
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                   2612.949                   2793.496
t.test(cvlt_ldelay_recall ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  cvlt_ldelay_recall by sleepundersix
## t = 0.20286, df = 14.213, p-value = 0.8421
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -2.210293  2.672793
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                   11.70000                   11.46875
t.test(cvlt_recognition_hits ~ sleepundersix, data = filter(dmem2, Group == 'Older Adults'))
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  cvlt_recognition_hits by sleepundersix
## t = 1.2709, df = 22.733, p-value = 0.2166
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.3025812  1.2650812
## sample estimates:
##    mean in group Under 6 h mean in group At least 6 h 
##                   15.20000                   14.71875
## sleep time
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56251 -0.03474  0.02084  0.09563  0.15548 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                              8.956e-01  1.397e-01   6.412  9.7e-09
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                    6.723e-07  3.575e-04   0.002    0.999
## GroupOlder Adults                       -2.189e-01  1.713e-01  -1.278    0.205
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults  4.131e-04  4.309e-04   0.959    0.341
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1351 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07113,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03586 
## F-statistic: 2.017 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1183
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.56533 -0.04177  0.02595  0.08944  0.15574 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            0.7857898  0.0799264   9.831 2.06e-15 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.0002850  0.0001995   1.429   0.1570    
## GroupOlder Adults     -0.0571486  0.0298585  -1.914   0.0592 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.135 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06032,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03683 
## F-statistic: 2.568 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.08301
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1248.3  -432.1   -54.1   375.6  3906.7 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                             2216.583    714.035   3.104  0.00265 **
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                     -1.289      1.828  -0.706  0.48255   
## GroupOlder Adults                       -140.917    875.984  -0.161  0.87261   
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    2.063      2.203   0.936  0.35199   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 690.5 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2048, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1746 
## F-statistic: 6.781 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.0003974
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1407.4  -391.5   -62.2   311.8  3917.6 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           1668.4789   408.5104   4.084 0.000104 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep    0.1301     1.0197   0.128 0.898757    
## GroupOlder Adults      666.6797   152.6091   4.369 3.72e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 690 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.196,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.1759 
## F-statistic: 9.748 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.0001626
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24417 -0.06099  0.01777  0.06769  0.16070 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                              8.698e-01  9.912e-02   8.775 2.68e-13
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                    9.357e-05  2.537e-04   0.369    0.713
## GroupOlder Adults                       -5.713e-02  1.216e-01  -0.470    0.640
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults  5.701e-06  3.058e-04   0.019    0.985
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09585 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07985,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0449 
## F-statistic: 2.285 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.08523
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24438 -0.06099  0.01806  0.06774  0.16046 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            0.8682599  0.0563968  15.396   <2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  0.0000975  0.0001408   0.693   0.4906    
## GroupOlder Adults     -0.0548947  0.0210684  -2.606   0.0109 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09525 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07984,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05684 
## F-statistic: 3.471 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.03585
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -454.24 -123.32   -2.41  114.21  483.37 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                             2.442e+03  1.993e+02  12.249   <2e-16
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                   3.004e-03  5.102e-01   0.006    0.995
## GroupOlder Adults                       5.867e+01  2.446e+02   0.240    0.811
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults 6.190e-01  6.150e-01   1.006    0.317
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 192.8 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4164, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3943 
## F-statistic: 18.79 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 2.709e-09
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -438.67 -130.89   -8.16  116.87  486.65 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           2277.3047   114.1457  19.951  < 2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep    0.4291     0.2849   1.506    0.136    
## GroupOlder Adults      301.0450    42.6419   7.060 5.44e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 192.8 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4089, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3942 
## F-statistic: 27.67 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 7.334e-10
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.36938 -0.00287  0.01930  0.03793  0.07690 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                              1.0266493  0.0789392  13.006   <2e-16
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                   -0.0002188  0.0002021  -1.083    0.282
## GroupOlder Adults                       -0.0590763  0.0968433  -0.610    0.544
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults  0.0002475  0.0002436   1.016    0.313
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07634 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07146,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0362 
## F-statistic: 2.027 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.1169
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, 
##     data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37741 -0.00399  0.02045  0.03850  0.06204 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            9.609e-01  4.521e-02  21.255   <2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep -4.842e-05  1.128e-04  -0.429   0.6690    
## GroupOlder Adults      3.783e-02  1.689e-02   2.240   0.0279 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07635 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05932,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03581 
## F-statistic: 2.523 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.08662
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -166.44  -50.47  -12.90   40.64  202.28 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                             594.7063    82.7130   7.190 3.23e-10
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                    -0.1236     0.2117  -0.584    0.561
## GroupOlder Adults                        -4.4673   101.4730  -0.044    0.965
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults   0.1171     0.2552   0.459    0.648
##                                            
## (Intercept)                             ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep                      
## GroupOlder Adults                          
## sleep_time_mean_sleep:GroupOlder Adults    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.99 on 79 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06716,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03174 
## F-statistic: 1.896 on 3 and 79 DF,  p-value: 0.137
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ sleep_time_mean_sleep + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -168.686  -52.973   -6.086   39.206  201.635 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           563.59476   47.12365  11.960   <2e-16 ***
## sleep_time_mean_sleep  -0.04306    0.11762  -0.366   0.7152    
## GroupOlder Adults      41.37354   17.60420   2.350   0.0212 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.59 on 80 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06468,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04129 
## F-statistic: 2.766 on 2 and 80 DF,  p-value: 0.06894
# acrophase
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.55244 -0.03418  0.04103  0.07822  0.16239 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               1.12342    0.24996   4.494 2.42e-05 ***
## actphi                   -0.01419    0.01526  -0.930    0.355    
## GroupOlder Adults        -0.23438    0.33526  -0.699    0.487    
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  0.01107    0.02163   0.512    0.610    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.138 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.04186,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.004527 
## F-statistic: 1.121 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.3458
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.55479 -0.02775  0.03359  0.08528  0.17315 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        1.033588   0.177049   5.838 1.15e-07 ***
## actphi            -0.008688   0.010763  -0.807    0.422    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.063879   0.036257  -1.762    0.082 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1373 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0386, Adjusted R-squared:  0.01395 
## F-statistic: 1.566 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.2154
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1241.1  -342.9   -55.1   294.1  3589.8 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)               2659.28    1206.02   2.205   0.0304 *
## actphi                     -57.71      73.61  -0.784   0.4355  
## GroupOlder Adults         2753.03    1617.59   1.702   0.0928 .
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  -150.78     104.36  -1.445   0.1526  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 665.6 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2736, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2453 
## F-statistic: 9.668 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 1.726e-05
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1313.2  -409.5   -15.7   350.1  3709.7 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        3883.39     864.27   4.493  2.4e-05 ***
## actphi             -132.72      52.54  -2.526   0.0136 *  
## GroupOlder Adults   429.72     176.99   2.428   0.0175 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 670.2 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2539, Adjusted R-squared:  0.2348 
## F-statistic: 13.27 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 1.094e-05
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ actphi * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23996 -0.07218  0.02977  0.07284  0.14993 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               0.965842   0.176139   5.483  5.1e-07 ***
## actphi                   -0.003663   0.010750  -0.341    0.734    
## GroupOlder Adults        -0.163887   0.236248  -0.694    0.490    
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  0.007162   0.015242   0.470    0.640    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09721 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0756, Adjusted R-squared:  0.03959 
## F-statistic: 2.099 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.1072
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ actphi + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.23942 -0.07482  0.03590  0.06634  0.14746 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.9077002  0.1247272   7.277 2.33e-10 ***
## actphi            -0.0001001  0.0075825  -0.013   0.9895    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.0535353  0.0255421  -2.096   0.0393 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09673 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07295,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04918 
## F-statistic: 3.069 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.05212
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -442.86 -113.37    8.87  127.16  455.05 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               2764.36     339.40   8.145 5.35e-12 ***
## actphi                     -19.85      20.71  -0.958   0.3410    
## GroupOlder Adults          856.78     455.22   1.882   0.0636 .  
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults   -40.10      29.37  -1.365   0.1761    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 187.3 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4571, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4359 
## F-statistic: 21.61 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 2.978e-10
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -429.81 -103.01   -0.07  121.39  458.44 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        3089.90     242.88  12.722  < 2e-16 ***
## actphi              -39.79      14.77  -2.695  0.00861 ** 
## GroupOlder Adults   238.93      49.74   4.804 7.39e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 188.4 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4439, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4296 
## F-statistic: 31.13 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 1.15e-10
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37659 -0.00114  0.02044  0.03949  0.06162 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)               0.9439920  0.1401017   6.738  2.6e-09 ***
## actphi                   -0.0002970  0.0085509  -0.035    0.972    
## GroupOlder Adults         0.0303502  0.1879130   0.162    0.872    
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  0.0006296  0.0121232   0.052    0.959    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07732 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06561,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02921 
## F-statistic: 1.802 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.1538
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.37665 -0.00164  0.02081  0.04003  0.06089 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       9.389e-01  9.907e-02   9.477 1.29e-14 ***
## actphi            1.618e-05  6.023e-03   0.003   0.9979    
## GroupOlder Adults 4.005e-02  2.029e-02   1.974   0.0519 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07683 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.06558,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04162 
## F-statistic: 2.737 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.07098
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ actphi * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -180.898  -42.194   -2.702   36.790  194.457 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)               493.080    144.725   3.407  0.00105 **
## actphi                      3.489      8.833   0.395  0.69394   
## GroupOlder Adults         240.964    194.114   1.241  0.21824   
## actphi:GroupOlder Adults  -13.584     12.523  -1.085  0.28143   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.88 on 77 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07131,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03513 
## F-statistic: 1.971 on 3 and 77 DF,  p-value: 0.1253
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ actphi + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -174.43  -48.75  -11.38   40.62  199.82 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        603.363    103.115   5.851 1.09e-07 ***
## actphi              -3.269      6.269  -0.521    0.603    
## GroupOlder Adults   31.652     21.116   1.499    0.138    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 79.97 on 78 degrees of freedom
##   (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05712,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.03295 
## F-statistic: 2.363 on 2 and 78 DF,  p-value: 0.1009
# IS
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.57683 -0.03289  0.02745  0.07432  0.16126 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           0.95005    0.08978  10.582 3.61e-16 ***
## IS                   -0.08864    0.20646  -0.429    0.669    
## GroupOlder Adults    -0.12249    0.12901  -0.950    0.346    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults  0.11145    0.26678   0.418    0.677    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1309 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07811,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0386 
## F-statistic: 1.977 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.1253
summary(lm(acc_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.57874 -0.03554  0.03051  0.08165  0.16476 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.92192    0.05903  15.617   <2e-16 ***
## IS                -0.02189    0.12999  -0.168   0.8668    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.07049    0.03366  -2.094   0.0398 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.1301 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07582,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.04978 
## F-statistic: 2.912 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.06087
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ IS * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1496.8  -362.9   -80.7   298.3  3829.8 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)           1668.26     487.96   3.419  0.00105 **
## IS                      95.32    1122.16   0.085  0.93255   
## GroupOlder Adults     1345.44     701.18   1.919  0.05908 . 
## IS:GroupOlder Adults -1189.27    1450.01  -0.820  0.41490   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 711.5 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2254, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1922 
## F-statistic: 6.789 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.0004397
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.learning~ IS + Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.learning ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -1490.1  -408.4   -67.0   319.4  3850.9 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)         1968.4      322.0   6.113 4.74e-08 ***
## IS                  -617.0      709.0  -0.870    0.387    
## GroupOlder Adults    790.5      183.6   4.306 5.24e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 709.9 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.2179, Adjusted R-squared:  0.1959 
## F-statistic: 9.893 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.0001622
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ IS * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.24823 -0.06057  0.02381  0.06361  0.17922 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           0.92182    0.06503  14.175   <2e-16 ***
## IS                   -0.01505    0.14956  -0.101    0.920    
## GroupOlder Adults    -0.12990    0.09345  -1.390    0.169    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults  0.12192    0.19325   0.631    0.530    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09483 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1232, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08564 
## F-statistic: 3.279 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.02592
summary(lm(acc_mean.test~ IS + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = acc_mean.test ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.25105 -0.05786  0.02615  0.06542  0.16631 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.89105    0.04283  20.804  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                 0.05797    0.09431   0.615  0.54074    
## GroupOlder Adults -0.07301    0.02442  -2.990  0.00383 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.09442 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1182, Adjusted R-squared:  0.09339 
## F-statistic:  4.76 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.01149
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ IS * Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -408.9 -124.9  -16.2  122.5  498.2 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           2447.85     138.94  17.618   <2e-16 ***
## IS                     -52.79     319.51  -0.165    0.869    
## GroupOlder Adults      242.98     199.65   1.217    0.228    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults   167.83     412.86   0.406    0.686    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 202.6 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4077, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3823 
## F-statistic: 16.06 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 4.808e-08
summary(lm(rt_c_mean.test ~ IS + Group, dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = rt_c_mean.test ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -406.51 -124.23  -16.62  129.07  495.28 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        2405.49      91.35  26.332  < 2e-16 ***
## IS                   47.72     201.16   0.237    0.813    
## GroupOlder Adults   321.30      52.08   6.169 3.77e-08 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 201.4 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4063, Adjusted R-squared:  0.3896 
## F-statistic: 24.29 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 9.158e-09
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.31380 -0.01657  0.01940  0.02524  0.11473 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)           1.06476    0.05211  20.433   <2e-16 ***
## IS                   -0.29915    0.11984  -2.496   0.0149 *  
## GroupOlder Adults    -0.09836    0.07488  -1.314   0.1933    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults  0.32005    0.15485   2.067   0.0424 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07598 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1369, Adjusted R-squared:  0.09993 
## F-statistic: 3.702 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.0156
summary(lm(memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_accuracy ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -0.35378 -0.00726  0.02053  0.04299  0.08050 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)        0.98398    0.03525  27.913   <2e-16 ***
## IS                -0.10746    0.07762  -1.384   0.1706    
## GroupOlder Adults  0.05098    0.02010   2.537   0.0134 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.07771 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.08425,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05845 
## F-statistic: 3.266 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.04396
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ IS * Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -172.37  -45.66  -14.36   36.14  212.12 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                      Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)            601.09      53.98  11.135   <2e-16 ***
## IS                    -120.07     124.14  -0.967    0.337    
## GroupOlder Adults       35.47      77.57   0.457    0.649    
## IS:GroupOlder Adults    28.35     160.41   0.177    0.860    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 78.71 on 70 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07706,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.0375 
## F-statistic: 1.948 on 3 and 70 DF,  p-value: 0.1298
summary(lm(memrepeat_rt ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)) 
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = memrepeat_rt ~ IS + Group, data = dmem2)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -172.52  -46.05  -15.65   37.39  213.33 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)         593.93      35.46  16.749   <2e-16 ***
## IS                 -103.09      78.08  -1.320   0.1910    
## GroupOlder Adults    48.70      20.22   2.409   0.0186 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 78.18 on 71 degrees of freedom
##   (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07665,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.05064 
## F-statistic: 2.947 on 2 and 71 DF,  p-value: 0.05896